APHIS USDA Letter to Stakeholders: Trade Accomplishments and failures (BSE,
SCRAPIE, TSE, PRION, AKA MAD COW TYPE DISEASE)
APHIS
Letter to Stakeholders: Trade Accomplishments
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service sent this bulletin at
02/11/2013 11:06 AM EST
Dear Stakeholder,
As we step into 2013, I am very glad that Secretary Vilsack recently
highlighted how USDA resolved dozens of export issues in 2012, and that our
Agency played a key role in these efforts.
I am glad, too, that projections tell us we may be seeing the most
successful year yet for U.S. agricultural exports. This good news follows a
banner year in which agricultural exports reached $135.8 billion—the second
highest total on record, and an historic achievement for our farmers, ranchers,
and agribusiness. In fact, the past few years have been the best for farm
exports in our Nation’s history, making America’s agricultural sector a key
contributor to achieving President Obama’s goal under the National Export
Initiative of doubling exports by the end of 2014.
These exports support more than 1 million jobs in communities across the
country for ranchers, growers, truckers, brokers, dockworkers, fuel and
fertilizer manufacturers, and more. To help safeguard these jobs and our
economy, APHIS continues doing our part to help broaden international trade
pathways for America’s agricultural animals and plants while ensuring they are
protected from pests and diseases at home.
On the export side, we worked hard last year to keep international markets
abroad open for American agricultural products by eliminating unjustified
sanitary or phytosanitary (SPS) barriers. In FY 2012, in cooperation with the
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service,
we successfully negotiated and resolved 150 SPS issues involving
U.S. agricultural exports with a total estimated market value of $2 billion.
With regard to China, our country’s largest agricultural export market, we
established a pilot program to address pest concerns that led to the resumption
of log exports from Virginia and South Carolina—helping to preserve total U.S.
log exports to China worth nearly $730 million during the first 11 months of
2012.
We concluded negotiations that allow exports to Mexico of U.S. eggs
intended for processing ($45 million/year) and put poultry exports to Kuwait and
Turkey ($15 million/year) back on track after concerns about avian influenza
restricted those markets. Blueberries from Oregon, apples from the Pacific
Northwest, and many other U.S. agricultural exports found new or expanded
markets thanks to our efforts as well. And in a welcome new development in 2013,
Japan agreed, starting February 1, to permit the import of beef from cattle less
than 30 months of age. The result: an estimated hundreds of millions of dollars
in exports of U.S. beef to Japan in coming years.
Live-animal exports have continued to increase. Exports of live swine,
poultry, and horses to China, as one of many examples, grew to $54.1 million
from January to November of 2012—nearly a 40 percent jump over the same period
in 2011. A singular success in live-animal export markets has been live cattle.
In the past several years, overseas buyers have been eagerly seeking healthy
American animals with good genetics to build up their own herds. Buyers from
Turkey, Russia, Canada, Mexico, Kazakhstan, and countries in South America and
the Middle East continued to increase their imports of live cattle last
year—almost 120,000 cattle in FY 2012—while new markets such as Angola have
emerged. Responding to this surge in demand—worth an estimated $300 million in
Turkish and Russian purchases alone in FY 2012—we approved seven temporary
export inspection facilities to supplement the work done at our permanent
facilities, reduce the distance cattle travel before export, and help exporters
meet their shipping deadlines.
In the midst of brisk trading times, the last thing U.S. exporters need is
to find their shipments detained at foreign ports. In FY 2012, our personnel
stationed overseas successfully secured the release of 324 detained shipments of
U.S. agricultural products, from cherries to cotton, worth more than $41
million. We helped prevent such issues from arising, too, with our export
certification program, which ensures agricultural products meet the SPS
requirements of specific overseas markets before they arrive. In FY 2012, we
issued more than 41,500 export certificates for live animals and just over
167,000 for animal-related products. Our automated Phytosanitary Certificate
Issuance and Tracking system not only produced a record 580,000 certificates for
plant-based exports; it also featured a new Phytosanitary Export Database—a vast
repository of foreign country import requirements for exporters and certifying
officials alike.
To prevent the spread of new pests and diseases, APHIS has been cooperating
closely with key international animal and plant standard-setting organizations,
including the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Secretariat of the
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), and the North American Plant
Protection Organization (NAPPO). We have contributed to OIE’s goal of ensuring
that science-based standards govern international trade in animals and animal
products by, among other things, publishing a proposed comprehensive rule on
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) that brings U.S. BSE import regulations
for bovines and bovine products closer in line with OIE standards. We have also
helped refine the criteria for pathogens that must be reported to OIE—an effort
that may lead to delisting certain diseases that some countries have previously
cited as reasons to restrict trade. At the IPPC, we have cooperated on drafting
and adopting international standards for a systems approach for managing risks
associated with fruit flies and for integrated measures related to plants for
planting to ensure safer trade. Our personnel have also helped lead an effort to
improve current methods of setting phytosanitary standards. Within NAPPO, our
negotiators have promoted not only the use of electronic certification, which
expedites the certification process for exports and imports, but also harmonized
approaches to managing trade-related phytosanitary issues.
We understand that exporters and importers alike need us to move at the
speed of U.S. business. In keeping with our new business improvement
initiatives, we shortened the average amount of time needed to develop
import-related regulations by 77 days last year. We also dramatically decreased
the time needed to complete risk assessments and regulatory changes for imports
of plants and plant products, from an average of more than 5 years per case to
an average of 597 days. That’s a reduction of nearly 71 percent. In a related
development for imports of animals and animal products, a final rule we
published last year brings lists of regions recognized as free of or affected by
specific diseases straight to our Web site, where they can be amended through a
faster notice-based process instead of extended rulemaking.
Augmenting all these efforts have been our many on-the-ground actions to
keep America’s exports safe before they leave our shores. To highlight just a
few: at our borders, we have continued to partner closely with U.S. Customs and
Border Protection in preventing foreign agricultural pests and diseases from
entering the country. We have also operated import preclearance programs in 20
countries from Chile to South Korea, with a special focus in 2012 on training
and public outreach in the Caribbean. Last year, we brought nearly 125 foreign
regulatory officials to the United States to learn disease control strategies,
risk analysis and assessment, and other tools to help their countries build
stronger agricultural infrastructures that could benefit trade partners on the
import and export side alike.
Safe, profitable agricultural trade is your future and ours. As we move
forward, I want to reiterate our strong commitment to keeping healthy U.S.
agricultural trade flowing smoothly and expanding opportunities for all of you.
We look forward to keeping in close contact and hearing your ideas and
perspectives on how we can serve you better. To that end, I invite you to keep
track of what we’re up to at our new Web page, at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/trade/,
where you can find trade-related news articles, Twitter feeds, links to animal
and plant export and import data, and an e-address for comments and suggestions.
We will welcome your insights and input.
Sincerely,
>>>To prevent the spread of new pests and diseases, APHIS has been
cooperating closely with key international animal and plant standard-setting
organizations, including the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the
Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), and the
North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO). We have contributed to
OIE’s goal of ensuring that science-based standards govern international trade
in animals and animal products by, among other things, publishing a proposed
comprehensive rule on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) that brings U.S.
BSE import regulations for bovines and bovine products closer in line with OIE
standards. We have also helped refine the criteria for pathogens that must be
reported to OIE—an effort that may lead to delisting certain diseases that some
countries have previously cited as reasons to restrict trade.<<<
BOUGHT AND PAID FOR BY YOUR LOCAL CATTLE DEALERS $$$
it’s not about food safety anymore folks, it’s all about trade, and the
almighty dollar $$$
I strenuously urge the USDA and the OIE et al to revoke the exemption of
the legal global trading of atypical Nor-98 scrapie TSE. ...TSS
Monday, November 30, 2009
USDA AND OIE COLLABORATE TO EXCLUDE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE NOR-98 ANIMAL HEALTH
CODE
Thursday, December 20, 2012
OIE GROUP RECOMMENDS THAT SCRAPE PRION DISEASE BE DELISTED AND SAME OLD BSe
WITH BOVINE MAD COW DISEASE
Reasons for the New Regulation Order No. 23 (as well as amending Order No.
149) of the State Committee for Veterinary Medicine name BSE as the reason for
new import requirement. The legal title for Order No. 23 is "On Urgent Measures
Aimed at Prevention and Elimination of BSE and Other Prion Infections in
Cattle”. Neither Order explains how the threat of introduction of BSE can be
addressed through the inspection of producers of all products of animal origin
including fish, dairy products, poultry and pork. It is not clear what other
concerns are addressed through the proposed inspections. Formal Notification of
Trading Partners On August 3rd, Ukraine's Notification and Enquiry Point issued
a legal Notification G/SPS/N/UKR/3/Rev.1 found on the Official WTO Website
(Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures)
Thursday, March 29, 2012
atypical Nor-98 Scrapie has spread from coast to coast in the USA 2012
NIAA Annual Conference April 11-14, 2011 San Antonio, Texas
Monday, December 1, 2008
When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers
EVIDENCE OF SCRAPIE IN SHEEP AS A RESULT OF FOOD BORNE EXPOSURE
This is provided by the statistically significant increase in the incidence
of sheep scrape from 1985, as determined from analyses of the submissions made
to VI Centres, and from individual case and flock incident studies. ........
1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8
Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to
nonhuman primates.
Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.
Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep
and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were
exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known
infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed
to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus
of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the
two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively.
Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed
to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru
has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under
observation.
snip...
The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie
by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further
grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in
humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
PMID: 6997404
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract
12/10/76
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTE ON SCRAPIE
Office Note CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR PETER WILDY
snip...
A The Present Position with respect to Scrapie A] The Problem
Scrapie is a natural disease of sheep and goats. It is a slow and
inexorably progressive degenerative disorder of the nervous system and it ia
fatal. It is enzootic in the United Kingdom but not in all countries.
The field problem has been reviewed by a MAFF working group (ARC 35/77). It
is difficult to assess the incidence in Britain for a variety of reasons but the
disease causes serious financial loss; it is estimated that it cost Swaledale
breeders alone $l.7 M during the five years 1971-1975. A further inestimable
loss arises from the closure of certain export markets, in particular those of
the United States, to British sheep.
It is clear that scrapie in sheep is important commercially and for that
reason alone effective measures to control it should be devised as quickly as
possible.
Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is
transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been
transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977)
conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and
transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S.
Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit
scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human
or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is
emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical
to the once which characterise the human dementias"
Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be
transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory
personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat"
policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep
industry is not to suffer grievously.
snip...
76/10.12/4.6
Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.
Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.
Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0
Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca
fascicularis)
C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK
National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey
(Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time
of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal
developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and
myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial
hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of
grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss
mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral
passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton,
Berkshire).
Friday, February 11, 2011
Atypical/Nor98 Scrapie Infectivity in Sheep Peripheral Tissues
Sunday, December 12, 2010
EFSA reviews BSE/TSE infectivity in small ruminant tissues News Story 2
December 2010
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
Selection of Distinct Strain Phenotypes in Mice Infected by Ovine Natural
Scrapie Isolates Similar to CH1641 Experimental Scrapie
Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology: February 2012 -
Volume 71 - Issue 2 - p 140–147
Thursday, July 14, 2011
Histopathological Studies of "CH1641-Like" Scrapie Sources Versus Classical
Scrapie and BSE Transmitted to Ovine Transgenic Mice (TgOvPrP4)
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
BSE IN GOATS CAN BE MISTAKEN FOR SCRAPIE
February 1, 2012
Thursday, December 23, 2010
Molecular Typing of Protease-Resistant Prion Protein in Transmissible
Spongiform Encephalopathies of Small Ruminants, France, 2002-2009
Volume 17, Number 1 January 2011
Thursday, November 18, 2010
Increased susceptibility of human-PrP transgenic mice to bovine spongiform
encephalopathy following passage in sheep
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
IN CONFIDENCE
SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES
IN CONFIDENCE
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis.
snip...
R. BRADLEY
Wednesday, April 4, 2012
20120402 - Breach of quarantine/Violation de la mise en quarantaine of an
ongoing Scrapie investigation
Michigan and California have had a high spike in Goat Scrapie cases,
compared to elsewhere ???
Tuesday, February 01, 2011
Sparse PrP-Sc accumulation in the placentas of goats with naturally
acquired scrapie
(Figure 6) including five goat cases in FY 2008 that originated from the
same herd in Michigan. This is highly unusual for goats, and I strenuously urge
that there should be an independent investigation into finding the common
denominator for these 5 goats in the same herd in Michigan with Scrapie. ...
California has a high Scrapie rate in goats too ???
Thursday, February 23, 2012
Atypical Scrapie NOR-98 confirmed Alberta Canada sheep January 2012
RESEARCH
Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 17, No. 5, May 2011
Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep
Marion M. Simmons, S. Jo Moore,1 Timm Konold, Lisa Thurston, Linda A.
Terry, Leigh Thorne, Richard Lockey, Chris Vickery, Stephen A.C. Hawkins,
Melanie J. Chaplin, and John Spiropoulos
To investigate the possibility of oral transmission of atypical scrapie in
sheep and determine the distribution of infectivity in the animals’ peripheral
tissues, we challenged neonatal lambs orally with atypical scrapie; they were
then killed at 12 or 24 months. Screening test results were negative for
disease-specific prion protein in all but 2 recipients; they had positive
results for examination of brain, but negative for peripheral tissues.
Infectivity of brain, distal ileum, and spleen from all animals was assessed in
mouse bioassays; positive results were obtained from tissues that had negative
results on screening. These findings demonstrate that atypical scrapie can be
transmitted orally and indicate that it has the potential for natural
transmission and iatrogenic spread through animal feed. Detection of infectivity
in tissues negative by current surveillance methods indicates that diagnostic
sensitivity is suboptimal for atypical scrapie, and potentially infectious
material may be able to pass into the human food chain.
SNIP...
Although we do not have epidemiologic evidence that supports the efficient
spread of disease in the fi eld, these data imply that disease is potentially
transmissible under fi eld situations and that spread through animal feed may be
possible if the current feed restrictions were to be relaxed. Additionally,
almost no data are available on the potential for atypical scrapie to transmit
to other food animal species, certainly by the oral route. However, work with
transgenic mice has demonstrated the potential susceptibility of pigs, with the
disturbing fi nding that the biochemical properties of the resulting PrPSc have
changed on transmission (40). The implications of this observation for
subsequent transmission and host target range are currently unknown.
How reassuring is this absence of detectable PrPSc from a public health
perspective? The bioassays performed in this study are not titrations, so the
infectious load of the positive gut tissues cannot be quantified, although
infectivity has been shown unequivocally. No experimental data are currently
available on the zoonotic potential of atypical scrapie, either through
experimental challenge of humanized mice or any meaningful epidemiologic
correlation with human forms of TSE. However, the detection of infectivity in
the distal ileum of animals as young as 12 months, in which all the tissues
tested were negative for PrPSc by the currently available screening and
confirmatory diagnostic tests, indicates that the diagnostic sensitivity of
current surveillance methods is suboptimal for detecting atypical scrapie and
that potentially infectious material may be able to pass into the human food
chain undetected.
Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 17, No. 5, May 2011
Monday, April 25, 2011
Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep
Volume 17, Number 5-May 2011
Sunday, April 18, 2010
SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION STUDIES A REVIEW 2010
Monday, March 19, 2012
Infectivity in Skeletal Muscle of Cattle with Atypical Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy
PLoS One. 2012; 7(2): e31449.
***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep
showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
*** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological features
of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease.
119
*** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent,
unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have
important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health.
Surprisingly the TSE agent characteristics were dramatically different
v/hen passaged into Tg bovine mice. The recovered TSE agent had biological and
biochemical characteristics similar to those of atypical BSE L in the same mouse
model.
Moreover, whereas no other TSE agent than BSE were shown to transmit into
Tg porcine mice, atypical scrapie was able to develop into this model, albeit
with low attack rate on first passage.
Furthermore, after adaptation in the porcine mouse model this prion showed
similar biological and biochemical characteristics than BSE adapted to this
porcine mouse model. Altogether these data indicate.
(i) the unsuspected potential abilities of atypical scrapie to cross
species barriers
(ii) the possible capacity of this agent to acquire new characteristics
when crossing species barrier
These findings raise some interrogation on the concept of TSE strain and on
the origin of the diversity of the TSE agents and could have consequences on
field TSE control measures.
Thursday, January 17, 2013
Canada, U.S. agree on animal-disease measures to protect trade, while
reducing human and animal health protection
Thursday, February 10, 2011
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY REPORT UPDATE CANADA FEBRUARY 2011
and how to hide mad cow disease in Canada Current as of: 2011-01-31
Wednesday, August 11, 2010
REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SIXTEENTH CASE OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM
ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN CANADA
Thursday, August 19, 2010
REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SEVENTEENTH CASE OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM
ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN CANADA
Friday, March 4, 2011
Alberta dairy cow found with mad cow disease
Monday, April 23, 2012
BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE CJD TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE CANADA
2012
Tuesday, October 2, 2012
Canadian veterinarian fined after approving banned BSE high risk cattle for
export to U.S.A.
Saturday, January 21, 2012
Quick facts about mad cow disease
*** CANADA MBM LIVE CATTLE BSE TSE PRION TO USA
Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2003 02:23:12 +0200
Sunday, December 2, 2012
CANADA 19 cases of mad cow disease SCENARIO 4: ‘WE HAD OUR CHANCE AND WE
BLEW IT’
Saturday, August 4, 2012
*** Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012
SUMMARY REPORT CALIFORNIA BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY CASE
INVESTIGATION JULY 2012
Summary Report BSE 2012
Executive Summary
Saturday, August 4, 2012
Update from APHIS Regarding Release of the Final Report on the BSE
Epidemiological Investigation
Sunday, November 13, 2011
California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer
livestock
IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason,
and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion
diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and
all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe.
I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority
on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading
Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i
said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will
buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol,
commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should
do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization.
JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long
incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and
corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some
sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of
CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call
for this organization to be dissolved. ...
Tuesday, July 17, 2012
O.I.E. BSE, CWD, SCRAPIE, TSE PRION DISEASE Final Report of the 80th
General Session, 20 - 25 May 2012
Thursday, February 23, 2012
EIGHT FORMER SECRETARIES OF AGRICULTURE SPEAKING AT USDA'S 2012 AGRICULTURE
OUTLOOK FORUM INDUCTED INTO USA MAD COW HALL OF SHAME
Wednesday, April 4, 2012
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Bovines and Bovine
Products APHIS-2008-0010-0008 RIN:0579-AC68
Sunday, March 11, 2012
APHIS Proposes New Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Import Regulations in
Line with International Animal Health Standards Proposal Aims to Ensure Health
of the U.S. Beef Herd, Assist in Negotiations
PLoS One. 2012; 7(2): e31449. Published online 2012 February 21. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0031449 PMCID: PMC3283643
Infectivity in Skeletal Muscle of Cattle with Atypical Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy
The present data offer novel information on the tropism of the BASE agent
and highlight relevant public health issues. While the transmission barrier for
classical BSE is high in most species, BASE prions are readily transmissible to
a variety of mammals including non-human primates [11]–[13], [35]. Accordingly,
the possibility of spreading of BASE prions through skeletal muscle to other
species should be taken into account and evaluated in risk analysis studies.
Saturday, November 6, 2010
TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the
EU
Berne, 2010 TAFS INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND
FOOD SAFETY a non-profit Swiss Foundation
Archive Number 20101206.4364
Published Date 06-DEC-2010
Subject PRO/AH/EDR> Prion disease update 2010 (11)
PRION DISEASE UPDATE 2010 (11)
Saturday, May 26, 2012
Are USDA assurances on mad cow case 'gross oversimplification'?
SNIP...
What irks many scientists is the USDA’s April 25 statement that the rare
disease is “not generally associated with an animal consuming infected feed.”
The USDA’s conclusion is a “gross oversimplification,” said Dr. Paul Brown, one
of the world’s experts on this type of disease who retired recently from the
National Institutes of Health. "(The agency) has no foundation on which to base
that statement.” “We can’t say it’s not feed related,” agreed Dr. Linda
Detwiler, an official with the USDA during the Clinton Administration now at
Mississippi State. In the May 1 email to me, USDA’s Cole backed off a bit. “No
one knows the origins of atypical cases of BSE,” she said The argument about
feed is critical because if feed is the cause, not a spontaneous mutation, the
California cow could be part of a larger outbreak.
SNIP...
Wednesday, May 30, 2012
PO-028:
Oral transmission of L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) in
primate model Microcebus murinus
Wednesday, May 2, 2012
ARS FLIP FLOPS ON SRM REMOVAL FOR ATYPICAL L-TYPE BASE BSE RISK HUMAN AND
ANIMAL HEALTH
USDA TRIPLE BSE MAD COW FIREWALL, SRM, FEED, AND SURVEILLANCE
2012
***Also, a link is suspected between atypical BSE and some apparently
sporadic cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. These atypical BSE cases
constitute an unforeseen first threat that could sharply modify the European
approach to prion diseases.
Second threat
snip...
MAD COW USDA ATYPICAL L-TYPE BASE BSE, the rest of the story...
***Oral Transmission of L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Primate
Model
***Infectivity in skeletal muscle of BASE-infected cattle
***feedstuffs- It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE
in these countries.
***Also, a link is suspected between atypical BSE and some apparently
sporadic cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of
H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc
in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be
minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type,
and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSEinfected
cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the
extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before
and after transmission.
In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some
peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.
Thursday, June 21, 2012
Clinical and Pathologic Features of H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Associated with E211K Prion Protein Polymorphism
Justin J. Greenlee1*, Jodi D. Smith1, M. Heather West Greenlee2, Eric M.
Nicholson1
1 National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America, 2 Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
Abstract
The majority of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases have been
ascribed to the classical form of the disease. Htype and L-type BSE cases have
atypical molecular profiles compared to classical BSE and are thought to arise
spontaneously. However, one case of H-type BSE was associated with a heritable
E211K mutation in the prion protein gene. The purpose of this study was to
describe transmission of this unique isolate of H-type BSE when inoculated into
a calf of the same genotype by the intracranial route. Electroretinograms were
used to demonstrate preclinical deficits in retinal function, and optical
coherence tomography was used to demonstrate an antemortem decrease in retinal
thickness. The calf rapidly progressed to clinical disease (9.4 months) and was
necropsied. Widespread distribution of abnormal prion protein was demonstrated
within neural tissues by western blot and immunohistochemistry. While this
isolate is categorized as BSE-H due to a higher molecular mass of the
unglycosylated PrPSc isoform, a strong labeling of all 3 PrPSc bands with
monoclonal antibodies 6H4 and P4, and a second unglycosylated band at
approximately 14 kDa when developed with antibodies that bind in the C-terminal
region, it is unique from other described cases of BSE-H because of an
additional band 23 kDa demonstrated on western blots of the cerebellum. This
work demonstrates that this isolate is transmissible, has a BSE-H phenotype when
transmitted to cattle with the K211 polymorphism, and has molecular features
that distinguish it from other cases of BSE-H described in the literature.
snip...
Most significantly it must be determined if the molecular phenotype of this
cattle TSE remains stable when transmitted to cattle without the E211K
polymorphism as several other isolates of atypical BSE have been shown to adopt
a molecular profile consistent with classical BSE after passage in transgenic
mice expressing bovine PrPC [40] or multiple passages in wild type mice [23].
Results of ongoing studies, namely passage of the E211K Htype isolate into
wild-type cattle, will lend further insight into what role, if any, genetic and
sporadic forms of BSE may have played in the origins of classical BSE. Atypical
cases presumably of spontaneous or, in the case of E211K BSE-H, genetic origins
highlight that it may not be possible to eradicate BSE entirely and that it
would be hazardous to remove disease control measures such as prohibiting the
feeding of meat and bone meal to ruminants. ...
snip...
MAD COW USDA ATYPICAL L-TYPE BASE BSE, the rest of the story...
Tuesday, November 6, 2012
Transmission of New Bovine Prion to Mice, Atypical Scrapie, BSE, and
Sporadic CJD, November-December 2012 update
Tuesday, June 26, 2012
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease Human TSE report update North America, Canada,
Mexico, and USDA PRION UNIT as of May 18, 2012
type determination pending Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (tdpCJD), is on the
rise in Canada and the USA
Saturday, December 29, 2012
MAD COW USA HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE DECEMBER 29 2012 CJD CASE LAB REPORT
32 year old victim in Washington
Woman’s brain tissue to be tested for disease Pathology center to consider
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease John Stucke The Spokesman-Review
September 28, 2012 - Updated: 9:12 a.m.
Disease investigators have sent a brain tissue sample of a deceased
32-year-old Spokane woman to a national research lab to be tested for
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, an incurable condition that has multiple variants,
including one called mad cow.
An autopsy of Amanda Greenwalt Wheaton noted that CJD was a potential
diagnosis. She died Aug. 24.
Officials with the Washington state Department of Health were notified of
the findings and sent a sample to the National Prion Disease Pathology
Surveillance Center, said department spokesman Donn Moyer.
The brain disease is rare. Of the cases that are confirmed, the most
frequent is a sporadic variant that can be hereditary.
A different, new variant of CJD transmitted to humans is called bovine
spongiform encephalopathy – or mad cow disease. No person is known to have
contracted the disease within the United States.
Mad cow disease created panic in the United Kingdom, where 180,000 cattle
became infected, leading to the eradication of 4.4 million, with carcasses
heaped into massive pyres.
More than 160 people in the United Kingdom have died from the disease.
Friends and family of Wheaton said Thursday they were concerned about the
cause of her death. She gave birth to a daughter with her husband, Garick
Wheaton, last October.
“I just think the state needs to figure this out,” said her aunt, Debbie
Christie.
Moyer said the state investigates all suspected CJD cases that are
reported. There are several each year.
“People are concerned about this,” he said. The tissue samples sent to the
national lab help lead to an accurate diagnosis and also help researchers as
they attempt to track down an infection source and find a cure for all variants
of the disease.
Amanda Greenwalt Wheaton was the daughter of Ralph and Kay Greenwalt. She
worked at Deaconess Hospital as a pharmacy technician for several years and
later worked as a dental hygienist.
Saturday, December 29, 2012
MAD COW USA HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE DECEMBER 29 2012 CJD CASE LAB REPORT
Monday, December 31, 2012
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease and Human TSE Prion Disease in Washington State,
2006–2011-2012
16 YEAR OLD TSE MAD COW TYPE PRION DISEASE DEATH IN USA
Monday, January 14, 2013
Gambetti et al USA Prion Unit change another highly suspect USA mad cow
victim to another fake name i.e. sporadic FFI at age 16 CJD Foundation goes
along with this BSe
Monday, February 11, 2013
after sequestration, eat at your own risk
Friday, January 25, 2013
Japan may relax US Mad Cow BSE beef import rules in Feb 2013
Monday, January 28, 2013
U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack
Announce Agreement to Further Open Japan’s Market to U.S. Beef
Monday, January 28, 2013
Brazil MAD COW BSE ban to stay
Friday, December 07, 2012
ATYPICAL BSE BRAZIL 2010 FINALLY CONFIRMED OIE 2012
Wednesday, December 19, 2012
Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment
of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of Brazil
Friday, February 8, 2013
Brazil using USDA BSE mad cow SSS policy FINAL UPDATE O.I.E.
> having been buried on the farm where it died
Wednesday, June 15, 2011
Galveston, Texas - Isle port moves through thousands of heifers headed to
Russia, none from Texas, Alabama, or Washington, due to BSE risk factor
Saturday, June 19, 2010
U.S. DENIED UPGRADED BSE STATUS FROM OIE
Comment from Terry S Singletary Sr
Document ID: APHIS-2006-0041-0006 Document
Type: Public Submission This is comment on Proposed
Rule: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Minimal-Risk Regions; Importation
of Live Bovines and Products Derived From Bovines Docket ID: APHIS-2006-0041
Docket No. 03-080-1 -- USDA ISSUES PROPOSED RULE TO ALLOW LIVE ANIMAL
IMPORTS FROM CANADA
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT HERE ;
Docket No. 03-080-1 -- USDA ISSUES PROPOSED RULE TO ALLOW LIVE ANIMAL
IMPORTS FROM CANADA
Thursday, January 5, 2012
Importation of Whole Cuts of Boneless Beef from Japan [Docket No. 05-004-1]
RIN 0579-AB93
Subject: Importation of Whole Cuts of Boneless Beef from Japan [Docket No.
05-004-1] RIN 0579-AB93 TSS SUBMISSION
Saturday, April 10, 2010
TOYOTA VS MAD COW DISEASE USA OIE BSE MRR IMPORT AND EXPORT TRADE WARS
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: US SENATOR AND STAN THE MAN SLAM USDA ''DAMNING TESTIMONY''
Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2004 15:15:24 –0600
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." flounder@wt.net
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
Greetings List members,
damning testimony below. be sure to _first_ open up real player competely,
then paste your url in there. this worked best for me.........TSS
US SENATOR AND STAN THE MAN SLAM USDA ''DAMNING TESTIMONY''
Senator Michael Machado from California
''USDA does not know what's going on''.
''USDA is protecting the industry''.
''SHOULD the state of California step in''
Stanley Prusiner
''nobody has ever ask us to comment''
''they don't want us to comment''
''they never ask''
i tried to see Venemon, after Candian cow was discovered with BSE. went to
see lyle. after talking with him...
absolute ignorance...
then thought I should see Venemon...
it was clear his entire policy was to get cattle bonless beef prods across
the border...
nothing else mattered...
his aids confirmed this...
5 times i tried to see Venemon, never worked...
eventually met with carl rove the political...
he is the one that arranged meeting with Venemon...
just trying to give you a sense of the distance...
healh public safety...
was never contacted...
yes i believe that prions are bad to eat and you can die from them...
END
PLEASE NOTE THESE VIDEOS HAVE BEEN REMOVED FROM THE INTERNET $$$
Dr. Stan bashing Ann Veneman - 3 minutes
Recall Authority and Mad Cow Disease: Is the Current System Good for
Californians?
Tuesday, February 24, 2004
JOINT HEARING
AGRICULTURE AND WATER RESOURCES HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES AND SELECT
COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OVERSIGHT - MACHADO, ORTIZ, and SPEIER,
Chairs
Choose a RealPlayer video --->
Selected excerpts:
Opening Statement by Senator Michael Machado
Elisa Odibashian - Consumers Union
Anthony Iton - Alemeda County Health
USDA's "memorandum of understanding"
Dave Louthan - Killed the Mad Cow
Dennis Laycraft - Canadian Cattlemen's Association
Stanley Prusiner - Discoverer of Prions
Steven DeArmond - Professor of Neuropathology
Entire 5 hour hearing - The California Channel
(scroll down to "022404 Senate Info-Hearing")
PLEASE NOTE THIS HEARING IN CALIFORNIA, THE VIDEOS HAVE BEEN REMOVED FROM
THE INTERNET IN BOTH THE OFFICIAL, AND UNOFFICIAL WEBSITES I.E. MADDEER.ORG AND
CALIFORNIA SENATE SITE WHERE THEY ONCE WERE...I HAVE REQUESTED VIDEO FROM
CALIFORNIA OFFICIALS, AND THEY STILL REFUSE TO GIVE THEM UP TO ME. wish jay
maddeer.org (or somebody) would send me a copy...
TSS
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